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Headline data

Number of countries using ecosystem-based approaches to managing marine areas
Year Value Units Series Observation status Unit multiplier
1950 0.0 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
1951 0.01 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
1952 0.02 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
1953 0.03 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
1954 0.04 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
1955 0.05 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
1956 0.08 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
1957 0.09 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
1958 0.09 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
1959 0.09 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
1960 0.09 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
1961 0.09 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
1962 0.09 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
1963 0.09 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
1964 0.1 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
1965 0.1 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
1966 0.12 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
1967 0.12 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
1968 0.13 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
1969 0.13 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
1970 0.13 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
1971 0.13 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
1972 0.21 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
1973 0.22 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
1974 0.23 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
1975 0.23 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
1976 0.25 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
1977 0.25 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
1978 0.25 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
1979 0.26 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
1980 0.26 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
1981 0.26 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
1982 0.26 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
1983 0.26 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
1984 0.26 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
1985 0.28 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
1986 0.3 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
1987 0.3 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
1988 0.31 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
1989 0.31 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
1990 0.34 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
1991 0.34 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
1992 0.34 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
1993 0.35 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
1994 0.39 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
1995 0.4 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
1996 1.08 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
1997 1.24 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
1998 1.27 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
1999 1.31 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
2000 1.32 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
2001 1.37 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
2002 1.38 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
2003 1.47 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
2004 1.47 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
2005 1.47 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
2006 1.54 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
2007 1.6 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
2008 1.9 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
2009 2.11 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
2010 4.28 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
2011 5.68 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
2012 8.47 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
2013 9.49 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
2014 16.33 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
2015 16.34 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
2016 18.83 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
2017 23.45 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
2018 23.63 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
2019 24.65 Percentage (%) Proportion of marine protected area Undefined Unit
1950 0.0 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
1951 0.01 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
1952 0.02 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
1953 0.02 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
1954 0.04 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
1955 0.04 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
1956 0.07 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
1957 0.08 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
1958 0.08 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
1959 0.08 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
1960 0.08 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
1961 0.08 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
1962 0.08 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
1963 0.08 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
1964 0.09 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
1965 0.09 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
1966 0.11 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
1967 0.11 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
1968 0.11 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
1969 0.11 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
1970 0.11 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
1971 0.12 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
1972 0.19 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
1973 0.19 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
1974 0.2 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
1975 0.2 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
1976 0.23 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
1977 0.23 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
1978 0.23 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
1979 0.23 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
1980 0.23 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
1981 0.23 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
1982 0.23 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
1983 0.23 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
1984 0.23 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
1985 0.25 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
1986 0.27 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
1987 0.27 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
1988 0.27 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
1989 0.27 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
1990 0.3 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
1991 0.3 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
1992 0.3 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
1993 0.31 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
1994 0.35 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
1995 0.35 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
1996 0.96 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
1997 1.1 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
1998 1.13 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
1999 1.16 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
2000 1.17 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
2001 1.21 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
2002 1.22 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
2003 1.3 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
2004 1.3 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
2005 1.3 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
2006 1.36 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
2007 1.41 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
2008 1.68 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
2009 1.87 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
2010 3.79 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
2011 5.04 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
2012 7.5 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
2013 8.41 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
2014 14.47 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
2015 14.48 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
2016 16.69 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
2017 20.78 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
2018 20.94 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million
2019 21.84 Hectares Marine protected area extent Undefined Million

Geographical Area:

Unit of Measurement:

Footnote:

This section provides metadata for the data reported for this indicator at the national level and at the global level.

Goal

Goal 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development

Target

Target 14.2: By 2020, sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal ecosystems to avoid significant adverse impacts, including by strengthening their resilience, and take action for their restoration in order to achieve healthy and productive oceans

Indicator

Indicator 14.2.1: Number of countries using ecosystem-based approaches to managing marine areas

Series
Related indicators

N/A

Custodian agencies

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

Field National Global
Organisation

Not available for this indicator

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
Contact organisation unit

Not available for this indicator

Not available for this indicator
Contact email address

Not available for this indicator

Not available for this indicator

Field National Global
Definition and concepts

Not available for this indicator

Definition:

Regional Seas Coordinated Indicator 22 ‘Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) is proposed as the primary indicator. For countries with Marine/Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) in place, these plans can be helpful to assess ICZM. For other countries, it is important to identify ways to measure existing plans and to build capacity for integrated planning. All data for this indicator will be based on country submissions to the Regional Seas Programme.

In order to promote the use of the Regional Seas as part of the follow-up and review mechanism for the Regional Seas, UNEP drafted report on how Regional Seas data could be directly used for the SDGs (see https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/27295/ocean_SDG.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y).

A full methodology for this indicator is available in the document entitled, “Global Manual on Ocean Statistics for Measuring SDG 14.1.1, 14.2.1 and 14.5.1”.

Concepts:

ICZM – An Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) plan covers the entire coastal zone. Marine and terrestrial areas are managed together. Plans are developed through coordination across different marine and terrestrial institutions and agencies.

Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) – Marine Spatial Planning is focused on the EEZ. It the integrates the needs and policies of multiple marine sectors in one coherent planning framework.

EEZ - national Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) (200 nautical miles from the coast) as outlined by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.

Unit of measure

Not available for this indicator

Number
Classifications

Not available for this indicator

Not available for this indicator

Field National Global
Data sources

Not available for this indicator

Data provided by national governments
Data collection method

Not available for this indicator

The custodian agencies propose to collect national data through the Regional Seas Programmes in order to reduce the reporting burden on countries. For countries that are not included in a Regional Seas Programme then UNEP will reach out directly.

Data collection calendar

Not available for this indicator

1. First data collection: Data is already being collected by the Regional Seas
Data release calendar

Not available for this indicator

1. First reporting cycle: 2021
Data providers

Not available for this indicator

National Statistical Systems, through the Regional Seas. The Regional Seas Programmes include the CPPS: Permanent Commission for the South Pacific (Southeast Pacific); EU MSFD: European Union Marine Strategy Framework Directive; EU WFD: European Union Water Framework Directive; GEF-TWAP: Global Environment Facility Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme; HELCOM: Helsinki Commission (Baltic Sea); Nairobi Convention (Western Indian Ocean); NOAA: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; NOWPAP: Northwest Pacific Action Plan (Northwest Pacific); OSPAR: Oslo-Paris Convention (Northeast Atlantic); ROMPE: Regional organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment (ROMPE sea area); UNEP-MAP: UN Environment Mediterranean Action Plan (Mediterranean Sea)). For more information on the Regional Seas see: https://www.unenvironment.org/explore-topics/oceans-seas/what-we-do/working-regional-seas.

Data compilers

Not available for this indicator

1. UN Environment (United Nations Environment Programme), in collaboration with partners mentioned in the other sections of this metadata
Institutional mandate

Not available for this indicator

Not available for this indicator

Field National Global
Rationale

Not available for this indicator

From an ecological perspective, ecosystem approaches consider the connections between the living organisms, habitats, physical and chemical conditions within an ecosystem, focusing on the importance of ecological integrity, biodiversity and overall ecosystem health. From a management perspective, ecosystem-based approaches refer to integrated management strategies for socio-ecological systems that consider ecological, social and economic factors and apply principles of sustainable development.

A marine or coastal area-based (or spatial) management promotes better management of EEZs. Many countries use Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) and Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) as their approach for ensuring appropriate ecosystem-based management, including issues that are cross-sectoral and wider scale in nature.
Comments and limitations

Not available for this indicator

The Indicator only measures the policy formulation and not policy implementation.
Method of computation

Not available for this indicator

A full methodology for this indicator is available in the document entitled, “Global Manual on Ocean Statistics for Measuring SDG 14.1.1, 14.2.1 and 14.5.1”.

Regional Seas Coordinated Indicator 22 ‘Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) is proposed as the primary indicator. For countries with Marine/Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) in place, these plans can be helpful to assess ICZM. For other countries, it is important to identify ways to measure existing plans and to build capacity for integrated planning. All data for this indicator will be based on country submissions to the Regional Seas Programme.

This indicator will measure the number of countries using ecosystem-based approaches to manage marine areas (measured through ICZM (Integrated Coastal Zone Management), marine spatial plan or other area-based, integrated planning and management in place.

Step one

Identify national authorities/agencies/organisations responsible for coastal and marine/maritime planning and management.

Step two

Identify and spatially map the boundaries of ICZM plans or other plans at national, sub-national and local level. Coordinate with the national authorities/agencies/organisations responsible for coastal and marine/maritime planning and management to complete a questionnaire on the ICZM plans (Shipman and Petit 2014)).

Step three

Determine the status of implementation of each plan, and categorise the spatial map according to implementation stages:

1) Initial plan preparation

2) Plan development

3) Plan adoption/designation

4) Implementation and adaptive management

Collect the questionnaire responses and document the answers is recommended. The spatial map showing the boundaries of relevant plans (produced in step two) could also be used to calculate the proportion of national waters, or national exclusive economic zone, covered by relevant plans. This can be done by overlaying the spatial layer of relevant plans with a spatial layer of national waters, or of the exclusive economic zone, to identify where the two layers coincide.

All countries should report on if a plan is in place.

Adjustments

Not available for this indicator

Not available for this indicator
Treatment of missing values (i) at country level and (ii) at regional level

Not available for this indicator

Missing values are not imputed.

• At country level

• At regional and global levels
Regional aggregations

Not available for this indicator

The data will be aggregated at the sub-regional, regional and global levels by counting the number of countries with a plan for each group.
Methods and guidance available to countries for the compilation of the data at the national level

Not available for this indicator

Not available for this indicator
Quality management

Not available for this indicator

Not available for this indicator
Quality assurance

Not available for this indicator

Not available for this indicator
Quality assessment

Not available for this indicator

Not available for this indicator

National Global

Not available for this indicator

Data availability:

Data will be made available for all member states.

Time series:

National data collection through the Regional Seas already exists for many Regional Seas, this data will be compiled for SDG reporting in 2020. Reporting will be every 5 years – as policy development takes time.

Disaggregation:

• A geospatial map of areas covered by a plan is recommended for national level decision making.

National Global

Not available for this indicator

Sources of discrepancies:

NA

National Global

Not available for this indicator

Regional Seas website: https://www.unenvironment.org/explore-topics/oceans-seas/what-we-do/working-regional-seas.

UNEP Global Manual on Ocean Statistics for Measuring SDG 14.1.1, 14.2.1 and 14.5.1 (forthcoming)

ICZM (and Marine Spatial Planning (MSP)) for monitoring SDG 14.1.1: https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/26440/MSP_ICZM_Guidelines.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
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