This section provides metadata for the data reported for this indicator at the national level and at the global level.
- Goal
Goal 16: Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels
- Target
Target 16.7: Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative decision-making at all levels
- Indicator
Indicator 16.7.1: Proportions of positions in national and local institutions, including (a) the legislatures; (b) the public service; and (c) the judiciary, compared to national distributions, by sex, age, persons with disabilities and population groups
- Series
This metadata is for sub-component (a) of the 16.7.1 indicator on legislatures.
Number of chairs of permanent committees, by age sex and focus of the committee, Joint Committees
Number of chairs of permanent committees, by age sex and focus of the committee, Lower Chamber or Unicameral
Number of chairs of permanent committees, by age sex and focus of the committee, Upper Chamber
Ratio for female members of parliaments (Ratio of the proportion of women in parliament in the proportion of women in the national population with the age of eligibility as a lower bound boundary), Lower Chamber or Unicameral
Ratio for female members of parliaments (Ratio of the proportion of women in parliament in the proportion of women in the national population with the age of eligibility as a lower bound boundary), Upper Chamber
Number of speakers in parliament, by age and sex , Lower Chamber or Unicameral
Number of speakers in parliament, by age and sex, Upper Chamber
Number of youth in parliament (age 45 or below), Lower Chamber or Unicameral (Number)
Number of youth in parliament (age 45 or below), Upper Chamber (Number)
Proportion of youth in parliament (age 45 or below), Lower Chamber or Unicameral (%)
Proportion of youth in parliament (age 45 or below), Upper Chamber (%)
Ratio of young members in parliament (Ratio of the proportion of young members in parliament (age 45 or below) in the proportion of the national population (age 45 or below) with the age of eligibility as a lower bound boundary), Lower Chamber or Unicameral
Ratio of young members in parliament (Ratio of the proportion of young members in parliament (age 45 or below) in the proportion of the national population (age 45 or below) with the age of eligibility as a lower bound boundary), Upper Chamber
- Related indicators
Indicator 5.5.1(a) looks at the proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments while indicator 5.5.1(b) considers the proportion of women in local governments. The metadata developed for the latter only considers elected positions in legislative bodies of local government, thus focusing on the same positions that would be covered by indicator 16.7.1(a) at sub-national level. The Methodology Development Narrative Report for the present indicator recommends building on the methodology elaborated for indicator 5.5.1(b) for future reporting on indicator 16.7.1(a) at local level.
- Custodian agencies
Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU)
Field | National | Global |
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Organisation | Not available for this indicator |
Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) |
Contact organisation unit | Not available for this indicator |
Not available for this indicator |
Contact email address | Not available for this indicator |
Not available for this indicator |
Field | National | Global |
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Definition and concepts | Not available for this indicator |
Definition: This metadata sheet is focused only on the first sub-component of indicator 16.7.1, namely on positions in national legislatures held by individuals of each target population (sex, age, persons with disabilities, and contextually relevant population groups). The legislative sub-component of indicator 16.7.1 aims to measure how representative of the general population are the individuals occupying key decision-making positions in national legislatures. More specifically, this indicator measures the proportional representation of various demographic groups (women, age groups) in the national population amongst individuals occupying the following positions in national legislatures: (1) Members, (2) Speakers and (3) Chairs of permanent committees in charge of the following portfolios: Foreign Affairs, Defence, Finance, Human Rights and Gender Equality. Furthermore, it looks at the electoral and constitutional provisions adopted by countries to secure representation in national legislatures of persons with disabilities and contextually relevant population groups. Concepts: The indicator is based on the following key concepts and terms:
1 Source: Structure of Parliaments, IPU New Parline database on national parliaments <https://data.ipu.org/compare?field=country%3A%3Afield_structure_of_parliament#pie> ↑ 2 UN General Assembly, Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: resolution / adopted by the General Assembly, 24 January 2007, A/RES/61/106, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/45f973632.html ↑ 3 Minority group: a group numerically inferior to the rest of the population of a State, in a non-dominant position, whose members—being nationals of the State—possess ethnic, religious or linguistic characteristics differing from those of the rest of the population and show, if only implicitly, a sense of solidarity, directed towards preserving their culture, traditions, religion or language. Source: UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), Minority Rights: International Standards and Guidance for Implementation, 2010, HR/PUB/10/3, <http://www.refworld.org/docid/4db80ca52.html> ↑ 4 Indigenous peoples: peoples in independent countries who are regarded as indigenous on account of their descent from the populations which inhabited the country, or a geographical region to which the country belongs, at the time of conquest or colonization or the establishment of present state boundaries and who, irrespective of their legal status, retain some or all of their own social, economic, cultural and political institutions. Source: C169 - Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 (No. 169) ↑ 5 For example, Egypt's electoral law reserves 50 per cent of seats in the People's Assembly for “workers and farmers”. ↑ |
Unit of measure | Not available for this indicator |
Number, Ratio, Percent (%) |
Classifications | Not available for this indicator |
Not applicable |
Field | National | Global |
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Data sources | Not available for this indicator |
The multiple data points pertaining to the parliamentary sub-component of indicator 16.7.1 will be compiled by the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) based on information gathered in its New PARLINE database on national parliaments: Data on age and sex of Members and Speakers: The IPU already collects data from secretariats of national parliaments on an ongoing basis for New PARLINE. The Platform already provides up-to-date and disaggregated data on the following positions:
Data on age and sex of Chairs of permanent committee on Foreign Affairs, Defense and Finance: Data on the sex and age of Chairs of permanent committees on Foreign Affairs, Defense and Finance New Parline, will be added to Parline in 2020 . This is building on the successful attempt made by the IPU in 2011 to collect sex-disaggregated data on committee Chairs, broken down by area of competence (see IPU, Gender-sensitive parliaments, 2011). Data on disability and population group status of Members: In the immediate future, data on the disability and population group status of individual members will not be collected. As explained above, (1) such characteristics are very rarely tracked by parliaments in a systematic way; (2) confidentiality and data protection concerns are likely to make such data collection challenging, if not legally impossible; (3) data on the representation of persons with disabilities or various population groups will likely be of limited potential use. Instead, lists of electoral or constitutional provisions guaranteeing representation of persons with disabilities and various population groups in parliament are already compiled in the New PARLINE database (see ‘Reserved seats and quotas’ section) and will be used to report on this indicator. In the future, it is recommended that the ‘Inclusion Survey’ (see Annex) be considered by the IPU’s network of national parliaments. In this survey, each member is asked to self-report on (1) levels of difficulty in performing activities in five[6] core functional domains – namely seeing, hearing, walking, cognition and communication (the ‘Inclusion Survey’ is an adapted version of the standardized Short Set of Questions on Disability elaborated by the Washington Group), and (2) his/her affiliation to a national, ethnic, religious or linguistic minority group, or to an indigenous or occupational group, in keeping with the UN principle of self-identification with regards to indigenous peoples and minorities. Given the potential sensitivity of disclosing information on population groups and disability, declaring and being transparent as to who is the sponsor of the Inclusion Survey can make respondents more comfortable. It is important for the sponsor to be a neutral entity independent from the employer institution, and to be able to protect the confidentiality of survey respondents. In this regard, organisations such as IPU and National Statistical Offices are particularly well positioned to administer the Inclusion Survey in national parliaments, and to perform subsequent data analysis. 6 It was advised by the Washington Group to omit the sixth domain of ‘self-care’ from the Short Set of Questions on Disability, as this question does not capture additional disability cases but acts more like a ‘severity indicator’. Given the target population for this survey (members of parliament), this question was found unnecessary. ↑ |
Data collection method | Not available for this indicator |
The compilation of data by the Inter-Parliamentary Union uses the following mechanisms:
The IPU will apply the data validation procedures developed for New Parline, plus additional checks specifically for SDG indicator 16.7.1(a), prior to submitting data at the international level for SDG reporting. 7 In case of bicameral parliaments, data will be obtained separately from the secretariat of each chamber, except where the two chambers share a secretariat / contact point. ↑ |
Data collection calendar | Not available for this indicator |
Data should be collected at least once every legislative term (preferably within 6 months of the opening of a new parliament). If possible, data should be updated annually. This will ensure timely capturing of changes in the composition of parliament and/or permanent committees which may come as a consequence of the electoral cycle, snap elections and by-elections held in selected constituencies to fill vacancies arising from the death or resignation of members.
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Data release calendar | Not available for this indicator |
Data will be reported at the international level in February each year, and will provide a snapshot of the situation as at 1 January of that year. The first full release of data for the indicator will take place in February 2020, on the basis of data as at 1 January 2020. The IPU will have a rolling schedule of publication of parts of the data for the indicator in the New Parline database. For example, data on the sex of members of parliament is already available; whereas data on the age and sex of the Chairs of permanent committees on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Finance will be published in the database in 2020. |
Data providers | Not available for this indicator |
The Inter-Parliamentary Union is responsible for the provision of data on all dimensions of the indicator. Data is directly provided by national parliaments and then made available on New Parline. |
Data compilers | Not available for this indicator |
The Inter-Parliamentary Union is responsible for the compilation of all data points required by this indicator and for the computation of the two ratios for each parliamentary chamber of each country. |
Institutional mandate | Not available for this indicator |
The IPU is a global organization of national parliaments founded in 1889 that promotes democracy and sustainable development and helps parliaments to become stronger, younger, gender-balanced and more diverse. The IPU has a historical record of collecting reference data on parliaments since the 1960s. It also maintains the flaghsip Parline database on national parliaments - an authoritative and up-to-date resource containing over 600 data fields for every functioning parliament in the world. In 2017 UNDP approached the IPU to jointly develop metadata for the 16.7.1a component of this indicator and in November 2018 the UN-IAEG approved the metadata and confirmed IPU as custodian. |
Field | National | Global |
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Rationale | Not available for this indicator |
The concept of representation There are different approaches to the concept of representation in parliament, with two of the most widely-known being descriptive and substantive representation (Bird, 2003; Floor Eelbode, 2010). Descriptive representation is concerned with the extent to which the composition of parliament mirrors the various socio-demographic groups in the national population. Substantive representation, meanwhile, is concerned with the extent to which parliament acts in the interest of certain population groups (irrespective of whether or not members of parliament consider themselves as members of those groups). Indicator 16.7.1 focuses on descriptive representation. The underlying assumption is that when parliament reflects the social diversity of a nation, this may lead to greater legitimacy of the parliament in the eyes of the electorate, as members resemble the people they represent in respect to gender, age, ethnicity and disability. Descriptive representation has been found to be associated with higher levels of trust in public institutions, as people feel closer to elected representatives who resemble them and perceive more visibly representative political bodies with better quality and fairness of policy decisions, and with less undue influence of vested interests over decision-making.[8] Such descriptive representation should then enhance the substantive influence of population groups. The methodology for this indicator measures representation in parliamentary decision-making with respect to the sex and age of members of parliament. It identifies the extent to which the proportion of women members of parliament, and the proportion of young members of parliament, corresponds to the proportion of these groups in society as a whole. A different approach is taken with regard to disability and population group status, which focuses on electoral and constitutional provisions guaranteeing the representation of persons with disabilities and various population groups in national parliaments (see ‘Comments and limitations’). ‘Decision-making positions’ in national parliaments Target 16.7 focuses on ‘decision-making’ and the extent to which it is responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative. For the purpose of this indicator, three positions were identified for their importance in decision-making and leadership: Members of parliament, the Speaker of parliament and permanent committee Chairs. Broadly speaking, the decision-making power of individuals holding these positions can be described as follows:
Political representation and disaggregation dimensions The indicator calls for disaggregation of positions by age, sex, contextually relevant population groups and disability status. The following international human rights instruments contain provisions on enhancing opportunities for political participation by individuals and groups holding such characteristics: The right and opportunity to participate in public affairs Article 25 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) recognizes “the right and opportunity, without distinction of any kind such as race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status to take part in the conduct of public affairs, directly or through freely chosen representatives”. Age The 2015 Security Council Resolution 2250 urges Member States to consider ways to increase inclusive representation of youth in decision-making at all levels in local, national, regional and international institutions and mechanisms to prevent and resolve conflict and counter violent extremism. Sex The 2000 Security Council Resolution 1325 and the six supporting resolutions between 2000-2013 on Women, Peace and Security urge member states to increase the numbers of women at all levels of decision-making institutions. The 1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) provides the basis for realizing equality between women and men through ensuring women's equal access to, and equal opportunities in, political and public life, including the right to vote and to stand for election, as well as to hold public office at all levels of government (Article 7). States parties agree to take all appropriate measures to overcome historical discrimination against women and obstacles to women’s participation in decision-making processes (Article 8), including legislation and temporary special measures (Article 4). Ethnic or minority status The Declaration on the Rights of Persons belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities (1992) and the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007) provide that persons belonging to minorities and indigenous peoples have the right to participate in the political, economic, social and cultural life of the State. Disability status The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2006) calls upon State Parties to ensure that persons with disabilities can effectively and fully participate in political and public life on an equal basis with others, directly or through freely chosen representatives, including the right and opportunity for persons with disabilities to vote and be elected. Resolution 2155 (2017) of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) on the political rights of persons with disabilities recommends for countries to consider the establishment of quotas for the participation of persons with disabilities in parliamentary and local elections, with a view to increasing participation and representation. 8 See OECD (2017) ↑ |
Comments and limitations | Not available for this indicator |
Measuring representation
Methodology
Data collection
Recommended approach to monitoring disability and population groups: 1) Sensitivity of disability and population group data
2) Limitations of the descriptive representation approach to tracking disability and population group status
3) Adopting an incremental approach
Recommendations for reporting also on the composition of local parliaments While at present the indicator looks only at national parliaments, broadening its scope to include legislative bodies of local governments could be considered in the future, in line with target 16.7 which calls for decision-making to be representative “at all levels”. Local councils or assemblies hold important decision-making powers, including the ability to issue by-laws that influence the lives of their respective local communities. While it is premature at this stage to propose a global methodology to report on representation in local legislatures due to the varying quality of data collection systems in place at the local level, and to a number of methodological complexities (notably with regards to the need for disaggregated population statistics to be available for each administrative division, in order to compute representation ratios in each local parliament), countries should nonetheless be encouraged to track diversity in local parliaments, using methodologies appropriate to their local context. As far as global SDG reporting is concerned, a recommendation for the future inclusion of local legislatures in indicator 16.7.1(a) can be found in Annex 1 to the Methodology Development Narrative. A custodian for this part of the indicator on local legislatures remains to be identified. 9 IPU and UNDP, “Frequently Asked Questions on the representation of minorities and indigenous peoples in parliament” (2008) in “Promoting inclusive parliaments: The representation of minorities and indigenous peoples in parliament” ↑ 10 See, for example: IPU, “Gender-Sensitive Parliaments” (2011), “Equality in Politics: A Survey of Women and Men in Parliaments” (2008), “Women in Parliament: 20 Years in Review” (2016), “Women in Politics” (2017) ↑ 11 See e.g. IPU “Gender-sensitive Parliaments”, p. 18 (on committee chairs: “All leaders, irrespective of gender, need to demonstrate their capabilities before they can be accepted as credible and legitimate authority bearers”). ↑ 12 IPU and UNDP, “The representation of minorities and indigenous peoples in parliament: A global overview” (2010). ↑ 13 See, for example, the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR, 2016/679) which introduced a particularly broad definition of health data and a range of restrictions on processing it. GDPR took effect in all EU Member States in May 2018. ↑ 14 European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, “The right to political participation for persons with disabilities: human rights indicators” (2014): http://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2014/right-political-participation-persons-disabilities-human-rights-indicators ↑ 15 Voluntary party quotas fall outside the scope of this indicator. ↑ 16 Countries with constitutional or electoral provisions guaranteeing the representation of persons with disabilities in parliaments include Uganda, India, Afghanistan and Rwanda. ↑ |
Method of computation | Not available for this indicator |
Indicator 16.7.1(a) aims to compare the proportion of various demographic groups (by sex and age) represented in national parliaments, relative to the proportion of these same groups in the national population above the age of eligibility. To report on indicator 16.7.1(a), two ratios must be calculated, namely:
When comparing ratios of ‘young’ MPs and female MPs with corresponding shares of the national population that is aged 45 and below (for the first ratio) and female (for the second ratio), it is important to consider the population of, or above, the age of eligibility, the latter being, by definition, the lowest possible age of members of parliament. In other words, if the age of eligibility in a given country is 18 years old, the national population to be used as a comparator for the first ratio (for ‘young’ MPs) will be the national population aged 18-45 (not 0-45), and for the second ratio (for female MPs), the female population aged 18 and above.
(with the age of eligibility as a lower boundary) where:
The resulting ratio can then be interpreted as follows:
Example: Say in country A, 30% of the national population is aged 45 or younger (but above the age of eligibility), but only 25% of MPs fall in this age category: (with the age of eligibility as a lower boundary) Ratio = 0.25 / 0.3 = 0.83 (<1 since MPs aged 45 or younger are under-represented amongst MPs compared to the proportion of this age group in the national population. The ratio is close to 1 as the share of ‘young’ MPs is not too far from the corresponding share of the national population falling in this age group.) While a simple proportion of ‘young’ MPs in parliament is not internationally comparable, a ratio computed using the above formula is. For instance, 48% of ‘young’ MPs (45 years old or younger) may be an overrepresentation of youth in country A where only 30% of the national population above eligibility age falls in this age bracket (Ratio = 48/30 = 1.6), but in country B where 70% of the national population is 45 years old or younger, the same 48% would be interpreted as under-representation (Ratio = 48/70 = 0.69). In this example, the figure of 48% is not internationally comparable in relation to the national population (it means over-representation in one country and under-representation in another), but the ratios 1.6 and 0.69 are internationally comparable. They help us understand whether 48% of MPs aged 45 years old or less is close to, or far from, proportional representation of this age group in the national population.
(with the age of eligibility as a lower boundary) where:
Note: This denominator can be set at 50 in most countries, as women generally represent around 50% of the national population in any given age bracket. The resulting ratio can be:
Example: Say in the same country A, 10% of seats are held by women MPs and women represent 50% of the national population in the given age bracket): (with the age of eligibility as a lower boundary) Ratio = 0.10 / 0.50 = 0.2 (<1 since women are under-represented amongst MPs, but this time the ratio is much smaller as sex-based representation in parliament is far from parity.)
Computation in bicameral legislatures In bicameral parliaments, data will be collected and computed separately for the same set of positions in each chamber. Regional/global aggregates: Regional and global aggregates can be calculated on the basis of the data compiled for the indicator.
Effect of the age of eligibility for upper chambers on the age ratio While in many bicameral legislatures, the age of eligibility for the upper chamber is significantly higher than that for the lower chamber, some have adopted an equal or similar age requirement for both chambers. However, regardless of the minimum age of eligibility set for upper chambers, members of these chambers throughout the world are older on average than members of lower chambers (see New Parline). As such, those upper chambers that have a low eligibility age are likely to have a lower ratio for ‘young’ MPs than upper chambers that have a higher eligibility age. In other words, in upper chambers where the eligibility age is lower, the share of MPs who are 45 or younger is likely to be considerably less than the corresponding proportion of the national population that falls between the eligibility age and 45 years old. 17 In very rare cases, there are two or more speakers per parliament / chamber. For the sake of clarity and consistency of the analysis, this metadata does not introduce computation for such cases. ↑ |
Adjustments | Not available for this indicator |
Not applicable |
Treatment of missing values (i) at country level and (ii) at regional level | Not available for this indicator |
• At country level There is no treatment of missing values. • At regional and global levels There is no imputation of missing values. |
Regional aggregations | Not available for this indicator |
Regional aggregations are a simple sum of country and chamber level data. A weighting structure is not applied. |
Methods and guidance available to countries for the compilation of the data at the national level | Not available for this indicator |
Methods and guidance available to countries for the compilation of data at national level: Data on the age and sex of Members, Speakers and Committee Chairs, as well as of electoral or constitutional provisions guaranteeing representation of persons with disabilities and various population groups in parliament, will be reported directly by the IPU. The IPU already compiles this data in the New Parline database on national parliaments (https://data.ipu.org). New Parline contains data on the composition, structure and working methods of all national parliaments. New Parline was launched in September 2018, as the successor to the Parline database on national parliaments that was established by the IPU in 1996. New Parline contains some 450 different fields, which are collected or updated at varying intervals, depending on the nature of the data. Data is collected by the IPU directly from national parliaments and other official sources (such as electoral commissions). Data is collected using questionnaires and surveys that are distributed via national IPU Groups in parliament (via the Secretary General of non-member parliaments. As at 19 September 2018, the IPU has 177 members; a further 16 national parliaments are not members). Data is then processed by the IPU prior to inclusion in the database. Some fields are updated daily, while others are updated annually, after each election, or when the constitutional or legal powers of parliament are changed. Parliaments are invited to check and update their data at least annually. The IPU will inform parliaments that part of the data they provide will be used for the purpose of monitoring this indicator and will provide appropriate guidelines to respondents. In addition, the IPU will extend its data collection to include information on the age and sex of the Chairs of permanent committees on Foreign Affairs, Defense and Finance (data on Chairs of permanent committees on women and human rights is already collected within the scope of New Parline). Methods and guidance available to countries for the compilation of data at international level: The Declaration on Parliamentary Openness calls on parliaments to make publicly available information “about the backgrounds, activities and affairs of members, including sufficient information for citizens to make informed judgments regarding their integrity and probity, and potential conflicts of interest.” The Commonwealth Parliamentary Association (CPA)’s Study Group on ‘The Financing and Administration of Parliament’ recommended for parliaments to have in place an information strategy detailing how the membership of the Legislature will be communicated to the general public. Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU)’s “Guidelines for the Content and Structure of Parliamentary Websites” (2000) recommend that for the sake of informing the electorate about Members, official parliamentary websites should feature biodata of the current speaker and a list of members and permanent committee Chairs as recommended minimum. Biodata of members is a much-welcomed optional element. Under Article 31 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, State Parties undertake to collect disaggregated information, including statistical and research data to give effect to the Convention, and assume responsibility for the dissemination of these statistics. |
Quality management | Not available for this indicator |
Data for this indicator is input and housed within the Parline database (data.ipu.org). IPU has dedicated staff for data collection and management, a Network of Parline Correspondents to provide data updates, and a constant exchange with parliaments via IPU groups housed within member parliaments. |
Quality assurance | Not available for this indicator |
Data for the indicator will follow the quality assurance measures put in place by IPU for Parline data. Data is collected directly from national parliaments. Quality controls and “sanity checks” are carried out by the IPU, using comparison against historical records for the same country and comparison between countries. In the case of any inconsistencies, a dialogue is opened with the parliament to clarify and, where necessary, correct the data. In addition, parliaments are invited to review all of their data on New Parline at regular intervals, at least annually and following elections. |
Quality assessment | Not available for this indicator |
IPU data is housed within the Parline database which automatically generates calculations on number and percentage of women to ensure accuracy. Exports from the database are utilised for SDG reporting. |
National | Global |
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Not available for this indicator |
Description and time series: Data on age and sex: As a general rule, (nearly) all parliamentary secretariats keep records of basic information on all members. While the format and scope of information provided vary, most feature the MPs’ date of birth and sex. As such, parliamentary secretariats are the primary source of data for the age and sex dimensions of this indicator. The IPU publishes data points on the sex and age of Members, Speakers and committee Chairs for the following number of countries:
Data on electoral and constitutional measures for guaranteeing representation of persons with disabilities and population groups in parliament: The ‘Reserved seats and quotas’ section of New PARLINE provides details of electoral and constitutional measures in each parliament regarding women, youth, indigenous peoples, minorities, persons with disabilities and other groups. This data is updated every time a change occurs. Disaggregation:
18 The Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations issues a new Revision of the World Population Prospects every two years, with the next one due in the first half of 2019. Estimates from the World Population Prospects sometimes differ from official statistics as “official demographic statistics are affected by incompleteness of coverage, lack of timeliness and errors in the reporting or coding of the basic information. The analysis carried out by the Population Division takes into account those deficiencies and seeks to establish past population trends by resolving the inconsistencies affecting the basic data. Use of the cohort-component method to reconstruct populations is the major tool to ensure that the population trends estimated by the Population Division are internally consistent.” The availability of data gathered by major survey programs, such as the Demographic and Health Surveys or the Multiple-Indicator Cluster Surveys, are useful in generating some of the data that is not currently being produced by official statistics. For more information on the methodology used by the United Nations Population Division to produce the estimates and projections for the World Population Prospects, please refer to the publication on Methodology. ↑ 19 About half of those countries or areas do not report official demographic statistics with the detail necessary for the preparation of cohort-component population projections, hence this estimation work undertaken by the Population Division in order to close those gaps. ↑ 20 In an attempt to maximize data availability and minimize gaps in submissions of data on age and sex, this indicator is aligned with existing data collection practices of the IPU with regards to age, and adopts IPU’s definition of young MPs as those under 45 years old. ↑ |
National | Global |
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Not available for this indicator |
Sources of discrepancies: There is no internationally estimated data for this indicator. |
National | Global |
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Not available for this indicator |
Arnesen and Peters, “The Legitimacy of Representation: How Descriptive, Formal, and Responsiveness Representation Affect the Acceptability of Political Decisions”, Comparative Political Studies 2018, Vol. 51(7) 868–899. Bird, “Comparing the political representation of ethnic minorities in advanced democracies. Annual meeting of the Canadian Political Science Association Winnipeg” (2003) Commonwealth Parliamentary Association (CPA)’s Study Group on ‘Administration and Financing of Parliament’, Zanzibar, Tanzania on May 25-29, 2005, in CPA “Benchmarks for Democratic Legislatures” (2006): https://www.cpahq.org/media/awydqld2/administration-and-financing-of-parliament-study-group-report-1.pdf. Congleton, On the Merits of Bicameral Legislatures: Policy Stability within Partisan Polities (2012): https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228527163_On_the_merits_of_bicameral_legislatures_Policy_stability_within_partisan_polities Declaration on Parliamentary Openness (2012): https://www.openingparliament.org/static/pdfs/english.pdf Eelbode, “The political representation of ethnic minorities: A framework for a comparative analysis of ethnic minority representation” (2010), available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-2001816 Hague, Harrop, McCormick, “Comparative Government and Politics: An Introduction”, 10th Edition, Palgrave, London (2016). Heywood, “Politics”, 4th Edition, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke (2013). Institute for International Law and Human Rights, “Minority Representation in Electoral Legislation” (2009), http://lawandhumanrights.org/documents/compreviewminorityrepinelectoralleg.pdf International IDEA, “Inclusive Political Participation and Representation. The Role of Regional Organizations” (2013): https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/inclusive-political-participation-and-representation.pdf International IDEA, “Bicameralism”, International IDEA Constitution-Building Primer 2 (2016): https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/bicameralism-primer.pdf International Republican Institute (IRI) 2016, Women’s Political Empowerment, Representation and Influence in Africa: A Pilot Study of Women’s Leadership in Political Decision-Making: https://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/wysiwyg/womens_political_index_0.pdf Inter-Parliamentary Union “Equality in Politics: A Survey of Women and Men in Parliaments” (2008): https://www.ipu.org/resources/publications/reports/2016-07/equality-in-politics-survey-women-and-men-in-parliaments Inter-Parliamentary Union “Gender-Sensitive Parliaments” (2011): http://archive.ipu.org/pdf/publications/gsp11-e.pdf IPU’s “Guidelines for the Content and Structure of Parliamentary Websites” (2000): http://archive.ipu.org/cntr-e/web.pdf Inter-Parliamentary Union former PARLINE database on national parliaments: http://archive.ipu.org/parline/parlinesearch.asp Inter-Parliamentary Union New Parline database on national parliaments: https://data.ipu.org/ Inter-Parliamentary Union, “Women in Parliament: 20 Years in Review” (2016): https://www.ipu.org/resources/publications/reports/2016-07/women-in-parliament-20-years-in-review Inter-Parliamentary Union and UNDP, “The representation of minorities and indigenous peoples in parliament: A global overview” (2010) https://ipu.org/resources/publications/reports/2016-07/representation-minorities-and-indigenous-peoples-in-parliament-global-overview Inter-Parliamentary Union and UN Women, “Women in Politics” (2017): https://www.ipu.org/resources/publications/infographics/2017-03/women-in-politics-2017 Inter-Parliamentary Union, “Youth participation in national parliaments” (2016), https://www.ipu.org/resources/publications/reports/2016-07/youth-participation-in-national-parliaments Krook & O’Brien, “The politics of group representation: Quotas for women and minorities worldwide” (2010), Comparative Politics, 42 (3), 253–272. 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